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Instructions and Resources

Reflective Models

Model Stages/Key Questions
Gibbs' Reflective Cycle (1988)
  1. Description: What happened?
  2. Feelings: What were you thinking and feeling?
  3. Evaluation: What was good and bad about the experience?
  4. Analysis: What sense can you make of the situation?
  5. Conclusion: What else could you have done?
  6. Action Plan: If it occurred again, what would you do?
Driscoll's Model of Reflection (1994)
ERA Cycle (2013)
  1. What? / Experience: What happened, what was the experience? 
  2. So what? / Reflection: Now what?  Critique of the experience.
  3. Now what? / Action: What next? What will you do as a result of the experience?
Kolb's Learning Cycle (1984)
  1. Concrete Experience: Engaging in a new experience.
  2. Reflective Observation: Reflecting on the experience.
  3. Abstract Conceptualization: Learning from the experience.
  4. Active Experimentation: Applying what has been learned.